Micro-grid pv system hybrid hot water heater

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are systems and methods (i.e., utilities) that allow for the use of non-grid tied renewable energy systems (e.g., PV arrays and/or wind turbines) without requiring battery banks. In various aspects, these utilities permit the efficient use of renewable energy systems to generate electrical power as well as the ability to dynamically direct where such electrical power is applied.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/455,057 having a filing date of Aug. 8, 2014,which is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/829,320 having a filing date of Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Systems and methods (i.e., utilities) disclosed herein are directed toimprovements to PV systems for residential and commercial applications.

BACKGROUND

Photovoltaic systems (PV system) utilize solar panels to convertsunlight into electricity. A typical system is made up of one or moresolar photovoltaic (PV) panels, a racking system that holds the solarpanels, electrical interconnections, and control components. The PVsystem generally provides electrical energy to a residential orcommercial building.

A grid connected or grid-tied PV system is connected to a largerindependent grid (typically the utility power grid) and often feedgenerated electrical power directly into the grid though a portion orall of the generated electrical power may be utilized by the residentialor commercial building before being fed to the larger grid. Any excesselectrical power fed to the grid may be credited to the owner of the PVsystem. That is, the feedback is done through a meter to monitor powertransferred. Feeding the excess electricity into the grid requires thetransformation of DC electricity generated by the PV panels into ACelectricity by a special synchronizing grid-tie inverter. The grid-tieinverter converts DC electricity into AC electricity that is matched inphase and frequency with the AC electricity of the utility power gridprior to being fed into the utility power grid. Grid-interactiveinverters typically cannot be used in standalone applications whereutility power is not available. In this regard, such grid tie invertersrequire a reference voltage/current from the utility power grid tooperate. Grid-tie inverters are also designed to quickly disconnect fromthe utility power grid if the utility power grid goes down. Thisdisconnect functionality ensures that, in the event of the utility powergrid going down (e.g., blackout), the grid tie inverter will shut downto prevent the energy it produces from being fed into the grid which mayresult in an islanding condition that may potentially harm any lineworkers who are sent to fix the utility power grid. Stated otherwise,when the utility power grid goes down, grid tied PV systems shut down.However, the use of grid tied system enables use of a PV system withoutextensive rewiring and without batteries.

Standalone systems do not have a connection to a utility power grid. Instand-alone photovoltaic power systems, the electrical power produced bythe photovoltaic panels cannot always be used directly. More typically,all generated electrical power is utilized to charge a battery bank andapplication loads are connected to the battery bank.

Each of the systems has certain benefits and drawbacks. For instance,grid tied systems avoid the use of costly batteries but, due to therequirement that they shut down if the utility power grid goes out, donot provide energy during utility power loss. Standalone systems can besignificantly simplified in relation to the grid-tied systems due to theelimination of synchronizing inverters and other components but requirethe use of costly battery banks.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are systems and methods (i.e., utilities) that allow forthe use of a renewable energy systems (e.g., PV arrays and/or windturbines) that may be utilized free of a utility power grid and withoutrequiring battery banks. In various aspects, these utilities permit theefficient use of renewable energy systems to generate electrical poweras well as the ability to dynamically direct where such electrical poweris applied. That is, in various aspects, the presented utilities allowthe selective application of power while being able to maximize poweroutput of a renewable energy source.

According to a first aspect, a utility is provided that allows fordynamically allocating electrical power received from a renewable energysource (e.g., PV system, wind-turbine, etc.). Interconnected to one ormore electrical outlet(s) of a switching circuit is a resistive load(s)that is adapted to convert electrical power to thermal energy. Forinstance, such a resistive load may be formed of a heating element thatmay be utilized to heat various media (e.g., water, etc.). Generally,the resistive load(s) acts as a sink for the utility allowing forutilization of all or a portion of the electrical power generated by therenewable energy system. In this regard, all electrical energy may beutilized such that a battery bank is not required for storage ofelectrical energy from the renewable energy system. In this regard, theutility may operate without tying to a utility power grid or the use ofstorage batteries. Also interconnected to the switching circuit via asecond electrical output is at least one additional electricalapplication load. Such an electrical application load may be anyapplication that utilizes electrical power. The utility further includesa controller that supports control logic that is adapted to allocate theelectrical power between the electrical application load and resistiveload. In this regard, the controller is operative to generate controlsignals that are received by the switching circuit that variouslyconnects the electrical power to the electrical application loads and/orthe resistive loads in accordance with the control signals. Typically,the controller will be operative to identify a current power capacity ofthe renewable energy source such that the power may be allocated betweenthe electrical loads the resistive load.

In one arrangement, the controller is operative to apply electricalpower from the renewable energy source in order to maximize the outputthereof. For instance, in the case of a PV renewable energy source, itmay be desirable to perform MPPT functionality in order to maximize thepower output of the PV array. As will be appreciated, maximizing thepower output of such a PV array requires balancing the total loads onthe PV array with the capacity of the array. Accordingly, the controllermay be operative to identify the electrical load requirements of one ormore electrical application loads interconnected to the switchingcircuit. Once the load requirements are identified for one or moreelectrical application loads, the controller may interconnect loads forwhich sufficient power is available to the renewable energy source. Atthis time, any remaining electrical power may be directed to theresistive element. As will be appreciated, this allows for utilizing allelectrical power produced by the renewable energy source free of storageof any power to the battery system or diversion of any excess power toan electrical power grid. In another arrangement, constant voltage MPPTtracking may be implemented. In such an arrangement, rather thanmaximizing the output of the PV array, the MPPT functionality may beutilized to maintain a desired voltage. In such an arrangement, theresistance of panel mounted devices (e.g., micro-inverters) and/orresistive elements may be adjusted to maintain a desired voltage formthe PV panel. Such a voltage may be user selectable within a range ofvoltages provided by the PV panel.

In one arrangement, the utility is a PV system that utilizes DC powerreceived from a PV array. In such an arrangement, MPPT algorithms may beimplemented in order to enhance the power output of the array. Inanother arrangement, the utility utilizes a PV array that is adapted toprovide AC power. In such an arrangement, each panel in the PV array mayinclude a micro inverter that is adapted to generate AC power at thepanel. In order to utilize AC power free of tying to a utility powergrid, it may be necessary to generate a reference signal (e.g., non-gridreference signal) for receipt by the micro-inverters such that they maygenerate electrical power in accordance with predeterminedcharacteristics of the non-grid reference signal. In one arrangement,such a non-grid reference signal is generated by the controller andprovided to the micro-inverters of the array. In another arrangement,one of the micro-inverters of the array generates a non-grid referencesignal and the non-grid reference signal is provided to the remainder ofthe panels of array. Such an arrangement allows for utilizingmicro-inverters free of utility grid tying. In such an arrangement, anyanti-islanding functionality may be removed from the micro-inverters.

In any arrangement, the utility allows for allocating electrical powerbetween different applications. Accordingly, an owner of the system maydirect where the electrical power is utilized. In this regard, thecontroller may allow for user inputs to identify the priority of theelectrical applications. Further, if no electrical applications arecurrently active, the system may be operative to apply all electricalpower to the resistive element to provide thermal energy. In onearrangement, such thermal energy is utilized to heat water in a hotwater heating system.

In a further arrangement, the controller may operatively connect to adata network such that the controller may obtain utility powerinformation. Such utility power information may include cost informationfor utility power (e.g., gas or electric). The controller may utilizesuch cost information in order to allocate the electrical power tomaximize the economic benefit of the user. In one particulararrangement, the controller may further include an inverter that allowsfor providing some or all electrical power to a utility power grid. Insuch an arrangement, anti-islanding functionality may be included withinthe system. However, it will be appreciated that while the utility isconnectable to a utility power grid, a primary function of the utilityis to provide a micro-grid that is separate from a utility power gridsuch that the utility may operate autonomously from a utility power gridand operate when the utility power grid is down.

According to another aspect, a simplified PV system is provided thatallows for generation of thermal energy free of battery storage orcomplex control arrangements. In this aspect, at least one PV panel,which generates electrical power, is interconnected to a switchingcircuit that is connected to a resistive load that generates thermalenergy in response to electrical power. A controller is interconnectedto the switching circuit that is operative to generate a control signalfor receipt by the switching circuit which connects and disconnectselectrical power to the first output and hence the resistive element. Avoltage regulator circuit interconnects the electrical output of the PVpanel and the controller such that the voltage regulator circuitprovides regulated power originating from the PV panel to the controllerfor its operation. In this regard, the controller may be fully poweredby the PV panel. That is, the controller may be free of any other powersource for its operation.

In one arrangement, the utility further includes a temperature sensorthat is operatively interconnected to the resistive load/heating elementand/or media that the resistive load/heating element heats. In onearrangement, the temperature sensor is operatively interconnected to thevoltage regulator circuit. The temperature sensor is operative to openand close in response to a threshold temperature within the heatingelement/media. In this regard, the temperature sensor is operative toopen and close a circuit through the voltage regulator circuit. When thevoltage regulation circuit is opened, the controller is deactivated.Likewise, when the temperature sensor detects a temperature below thethreshold value the voltage regulation circuit is completed and thecontroller is powered. In one arrangement, the controller includes anelectromagnetic device that allows for activating the switching circuitto connect and disconnect the heating element from the PV panel. In thisregard, the entire system is controlled by the operation of thetemperature sensor. In one arrangement, the temperature sensor is abi-metallic element that opens and closes based on its temperature.

In a further arrangement, the utility includes an outlet that isconnectable to an active load. In a further arrangement, the utilityincludes an adjustable resistive element for use in setting asubstantially constant output voltage of the outlet.

According to another aspect, a utility is provided that allows for theautonomous use of a renewable energy system and utility power source forthe heating of water. The utility includes a water tank having a firstheating element and a second heating element. The first heating elementis connectable to a renewable electricity source. In one arrangement,the renewable electricity source is a PV array. The second heatingelement is connectable to a utility power source (e.g., electricity orgas). Each of the first and second heating elements is controlled by aseparate thermostat. In this regard, the systems may operate entirelywithout integration with one another. In one arrangement, the thermostatinterconnected to the first heating element is set to a temperature thatis higher than the thermostat interconnected to the second heatingelement. In this regard, the renewable energy powered heating elementheats water within the tank to higher temperature than the utilitypowered heating element. Accordingly, the utility powered heatingelement may be active for shorter durations.

In one arrangement, a novel tank design is utilized where the first andsecond heating elements are disposed at a common level within the tank.In one particular arrangement, these heating elements are disposed inthe upper half of the tank. This allows for heating water at the top ofthe tank where water is withdrawn from the tank. In a furtherarrangement, another heating element powered by the renewable powersource is disposed within the tank at a location below the first andsecond heating elements. In such an arrangement, the upper elements mayheat water in the upper portion of the tank to a predeterminedtemperature at which time the lower element may be activated to heatwater in the lower portion of the tank.

In a further arrangement, a controller is provided in conjunction withthe first heating element. This controller may be operative todynamically apply electrical power received from the renewable energysource to the first heating element and/or other active electrical loadsinterconnected to the controller.

In another aspect, a preheat tank is provided that is connectable to awater heating system, which provides preheated water to the waterheating system. In this aspect, the utility includes a tank with aninlet and outlet. The inlet is connectable to a water source and theoutlet is connectable to a hot water heater. Disposed within the preheattank is at least a first electrical element that is connectable with aPV power source. This electrical element may be interconnected to thethermostat that activates and deactivates the element based ontemperature of water within the tank. The preheat tank may be utilizedwith existing water heaters, tankless water heaters and/or boilers amongothers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a PV micro-grid system.

FIG. 1B illustrates a PV micro-grid system with multiple active loads.

FIG. 2 illustrates a process that may be implemented by the system ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates operating curves of a PV array.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process that may be implemented by the system ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 5 illustrates a process that may be implemented by the system ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified embodiment of a micro-grid PV system.

FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of an autonomous PV water heatingsystem utilized in conjunction with a utility powered water heater.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of an autonomous PV water heatingsystem utilized in conjunction with a utility powered water heater.

FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of an autonomous PV water heatingsystem utilized in conjunction with a utility powered water heater.

FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of an autonomous PV water heatingsystem utilized in conjunction with a utility powered water heater.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which at leastassist in illustrating the various pertinent features of the presentedinventions. The following description is presented for purposes ofillustration and description and is not intended to limit the inventionsto the forms disclosed herein. Consequently, variations andmodifications commensurate with the following teachings, and skill andknowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the presentedinventions.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to the use of a hybrid PVsystem, which may be free of grid-tying and/or selectively, attached toa utility grid. In one arrangement, the hybrid PV system utilizes aresistive load instead of a battery bank, which provides numerousbenefits in relation to a standalone PV system utilizing a battery bankor a grid-tied PV system. Such benefits include, without limitation,reducing the overall costs of the hybrid PV system by the elimination ofa battery bank, the ability to utilize the peak power output of the PVsystem, the ability to provide electrical power when a utility powergrid goes down and/or the ability to dynamically apply energy output ofthe PV system to maximize the economic benefit and/or other benefit tothe owner or operator of the PV system.

The present inventor has also recognized that in some locations, such asHawaii, where significant PV resources are tied to the utility powergrid, too much electrical power may be generated by renewable energysources. For instance, excess power is generated by grid-tied renewableenergy systems during daylight hours having the greatest solarintensity. Currently, the solution is for the grid-tied renewablesystems to shut down or limit output to balance the current grid loadwith the current production of the utility power grid. In thisarrangement, the owner of a PV system faces a situation where their PVsystem efficiency is reduced and potential benefit of the energy islost. Further, some regions, such as Ontario Canada, have reached asaturation point for renewable resources and limits are in place on newinterconnects to the grid. These situations undermine the purpose ofhaving a PV system. Further, this situation is expected to become morecommon as PV systems use increases as portions of utility gridinfrastructure are inadequate for increased capacity. The presentedsystems address these and other concerns by providing a PV system thatforms its own micro-grid that may operate entirely autonomously of autility power grid without requiring a battery bank. In furtherembodiments, the PV system may be utilized in conjunction with utilitygrid power sources for certain heating applications (e.g., waterheating) where the PV system and utility grid power sources autonomouslyoperate separate heating elements.

FIG. 1A illustrates a PV system 20 in accordance with certain aspects ofthe presented inventions. As shown, solar radiation 70 is received onphotovoltaic arrays 60 which generate electrical power responsive to thesolar radiation 70. The photovoltaic arrays include a large number ofgenerally conventional photovoltaic cells, as well understood by thosein the art. The present system 20 receives DC power or AC power from thearrays at a PV system controller 80 via a pair of electrical conductors64, 66. The electrical conductors may be integrated into a commonelectrical cable (i.e., a two conductor cable). Further, the system mayfurther incorporate a ground wire (not shown) that extends between thearrays 60 and the controller 80 (e.g., a three wire cable). Such aground wire may be grounded to the electrical system of the structureincorporating the PV system 20 or may be directly grounded to a standardgrounding rod.

The PV system controller 80 is interconnected to one or more electricalapplication loads 92 (e.g., active loads such as lights, appliances,resistive heaters etc.) and at least one sink or resistive load 100 towhich power received from the PV arrays 60 may be directly applied. Inthis exemplary embodiment, the resistive load 100 is a heating element110 of a hot water heater 10, as is more fully discussed herein. Insteadof storing the power from the PV array to a battery bank, the controller80 is operative to selectively and dynamically apply all or a portion ofthe electrical power to the active application loads 92 and/or directlythe sink/resistive load 100 such that the power is converted to thermalenergy. In instances where demand from active loads 92 connected to thecontroller 80 does not equal the solar array capacity, any excess poweris directly applied to the resistive load 100 to balance the total loadwith the PV array capacity. For instance, maximum power point trackingmay adjust the PV array operating point to the peak power point. In thisregard, the maximum power output from the PV array may be utilizedwithout requiring a battery for the PV system or tying the PV system tothe grid. Further, the resistive load allows for absorbing spikes in theelectrical power without damage to the active loads. Finally, where theresistive load is utilized to heat water, power that would not begenerated if the PV system was balanced with the active load is appliedto a beneficial use.

In one embodiment, the solar arrays 60 each include a micro-inverter 72.Each micro-inverter 72 converts direct current (DC) electricity from asingle solar panel to alternating current (AC) electricity. The electricpower from several micro-inverters is combined and fed into thecontroller 80. Micro-inverters contrast with conventional string orcentral inverter devices, which are connected to multiple solar panels.Micro-inverters have several advantages over conventional centralinverters. The main advantage is that even small amounts of shading,debris or snow on any one solar panel does not disproportionately reducethe output of an entire array. Each micro-inverter 72 may obtain optimumpower by performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for itsconnected panel. MPPT is a technique that panel mounted micro-invertersuse to get the maximum possible power from one or more solar panels. Aswill be appreciated, solar cells have a complex relationship betweensolar irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces anon-linear output efficiency known as an I-V curve. The purpose of theMPPT functionality is to sample the output of the cells and modify thevoltage and current to obtain maximum power for any given environmentalconditions.

Previously, each micro-inverter required a power utility grid inputreference signal to operate. That is, previous micro-inverters aredesigned to match their outputs with utility grid power in order to feedpower into the grid. In this regard, previous micro-inverters aredesigned to synchronize their frequency with that of the utility powergrid (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz) using a local oscillator, which utilizes areference signal from the utility power grid. That is, the micro-invertshave an on-board circuitry which will sense the current AC gridwaveform, and generate an output voltage/current that corresponds withthe utility grid power.

In order to provide a nongrid-tied PV system that utilizes individualmicro-inverters with the PV panels in the array, in one embodiment thecontroller 80 generates a non-grid reference signal that allows themicro-inverters 72 to operate as if they were receiving a referencesignal from a power utility grid. In this regard, the controller 80 mayoptionally include a small energy storage device 102 (e.g., battery,capacitor, etc.) that is operative to generate the necessary referencesignal that is provided to the micro-inverters 72. The battery 102,while being recharged by the PV array, does not store the energy fromthe array 60 in a magnitude to be considered a battery bank for the PVsystem. Rather, the on-board battery 102 stores sufficient energy toallow for the generation of the non-grid reference signal while the PVsystem is operating. Accordingly, the controller 80 may include anoscillator that is operative to utilize electrical energy from theon-board battery 102 to generate a non-grid reference signal having arequired frequency, current and/or voltage to allow the micro-inverters72 to match their output power to the non-grid reference signal. Inanother embodiment, one of the micro-inverters 72 generates the non-gridreference signal. In this embodiment, the micro-inverter that generatesthe non-grid reference signal (e.g., master micro-inverter) provides thenon-grid reference signal to the remainder of the micro-inverters in thearray (e.g., slave micro-inverters). The slave micro-inverters thenutilize this reference signal to match their power output to thenon-grid reference signal of the master micro-inverters. In eitherembodiment, what is important is that without a reference signal tosynchronize to, the power output of the micro-inverters 72 may driftfrom the tolerances required by equipment (e.g., loads) connected to thecontroller. This concern is alleviated by the present system 20 by thegeneration of the non-grid reference signal by the controller 80 or amaster micro-inverter.

Previous micro-inverters have also had anti-islanding protection inaccordance with UL 1741. In the event of a power failure on the powerutility grid, it is generally required that any grid-tie invertersattached to the grid turn off in a short period of time. This preventsthe inverters from continuing to feed power into small sections of thegrid known as “islands”. Powered islands present a risk to workers whomay expect the area to be unpowered. Anti-islanding protectionfunctionality is removed from the micro-inverters 72 of the presentsystem 20. As the PV system 20 in one embodiment forms it own micro-gridand is not connected to the utility power grid such anti-islandingprotection is not required and such functionality is removed from themicro-inverters.

Through the provision of a non-grid reference signal, inclusion of aresistive load 100 and, in some embodiments, removal of anti-islandingfunctionality from the PV micro-inverters 72, the present system 20provides a micro-grid electrical generation system that allows forhighly efficient operation without the inclusion of a battery bank(s)and without grid-tying. Accordingly, the system can generate power evenwhen a utility power grid is down. That is, as opposed to grid-tied PVsystems that shut down when the utility power grid goes down, thepresent system allows for continued operation in ‘black-out’ conditions.As will be appreciated, owners of previous grid-tied PV systems havefound that, while they have PV electrical generation systems, they arewithout power when the utility power grid goes down leaving them in nobetter condition than their neighbors without a PV system. Likewise,previous owners of PV systems that are operative when a utility powergrid goes down have relied on PV systems that do not utilize individualmicro-inverters and which typically utilize DC power to charge batterybanks.

FIG. 2 illustrates one process 200 that may be implemented by thepresent system 20. Initially, the process 200 includes the generation202 of a non-grid reference signal (e.g., at the controller 80 or at amaster micro-inverter) having desired waveform characteristics. In thisregard, the non-grid reference signal may include the desired frequencyand/or maximum voltage that may be utilized by the inverters of the PVarray. Accordingly, the non-grid reference signal is provided 202 to themicro-inverters 72 of the PV array 60. Power is then received 206 fromthe PV array in accordance with the waveform characteristics of thenon-grid reference signal. At this time, the controller 80 is operativeto dynamically allocate 208 the power received from the PV array 60between one or more active application loads and a resistive load inorder to balance the total current load with the total current PV arraycapacity. In this regard, the PV array may operate at or near maximumoutput capacity without requiring grid-tie or battery banks to utilizeany excess power above the load requirements of the active applicationloads.

Though primarily discussed as utilizing micro-inverters 72 that allowthe PV array 60 to provide AC electrical power to the controller 80, itwill be appreciated that in other embodiments, the PV array may provideDC power to the controller which then applies DC power to activeapplication loads (e.g., DC devices) and a resistive load(s) free ofbattery storage. In such an arrangement, MPPT algorithms may likewise beimplemented to enhance or tailor the power output of the array. Further,while discussed as utilizing MPPT (e.g., in micro-inverters for ACsystems or in a DC system) for maximizing the output of the PV array, ifwill be further appreciated that the MPPT functionality may be utilizedto match the power from the PV array with a particular application load.For instance, where the resistive load forms a heating element in hotwater heater, MPPT functionality may be utilized to condition thegenerated power to match the requirements of the heating element. Thatis, the generated power may be conditioned to have voltages or currentsthat are within an acceptable window for the resistive element. Suchtailoring of the electrical power may allow the system to be utilizedwith varying resistive elements and/or active loads.

In a further embodiment, rather than maximizing the power output of thearray, the output voltage of the array is regulated to a constant value.The generation of a constant voltage from the PV array may allow the useof a PV array to power standard electronic devices (e.g., 110Velectronics) that require voltages within a narrow operating window. Inorder to generate a constant voltage, the controller and/or themicro-inverters mounted to each panel may vary the resistance seen bythe array. As will be appreciated, photovoltaic cells have a complexrelationship between their operating environment and the maximum powerthey can produce. For any given set of operational conditions (e.g.,temperature, solar intensity), cells have a single operating point wherethe values of the current (I) and Voltage (V) of the cell result in amaximum power output. These values correspond to a particular loadresistance, which is equal to V/I as specified by Ohm's Law. The power Pis given by P=V*I. The I-V curve and P-V curve for a single set ofoperational conditions is shown in FIG. 3. These are dynamic quantitieswhich changes depending on the level of illumination, as well as otherfactors such as temperature and the age of the cell.

As shown, the maximum power point or peak power point occurs at the apexor “knee” of the P-V curve. Accordingly, MPPT tracking typically altersthe load presented to the panels to shift the array operating point tothe peak power point. In operation, a load with resistance R=V/I woulddraw the maximum power from the device. Likewise, the presented systemsallow for altering the resistance of the loads to match the maximumpower potential of the array. However, MPPT tracking may shift the arrayoperating point away from the peak power point from the peak power pointto maintain a constant voltage (e.g., user selected or set voltage) asillustrated by the dashed line V_(SET). That is, as V=IR, it is possibleto vary the resistance to maintain a constant voltage. The presentedsystems allow for altering such resistance using micro-inverters and/orvariable resistance sinks/resistive loads.

Referring again to FIG. 1A, one exemplary resistive load 100 inaccordance with various aspects of the presented inventions isillustrated. In this embodiment, a hot water heater 10 is provided thatmay be utilized to heat water for residential and/or commercialapplications. A supplemental heating element 110 (i.e., resistive load)generates heat in response to an applied current from the controller 80.In this regard, the inclusion of this heating element 110 into the hotwater heater 10 allows for the direct application electrical power fromthe controller 80. This allows any excess power from the PV array, whichis not utilized by active application loads (i.e., if utilized), to beutilized to heat water and thereby allows balancing a total load withthe PV array capacity. Such a supplemental hot water heating system isset forth in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/442,701;13/442,714; 13/442,753; and 13/442,737, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

As shown, the hot water heater 10 is an electrical hot water heater thatutilizes an electrical heating element 32 as a heat source for heatingwater within a storage tank 12. The element 32 is controlled by athermostat (not shown), which activates the element 32 (e.g., completesa circuit) when a temperature within the tank 12 drops below apredetermined temperature. Typically, the tank 12 is disposed within anouter casing 22 that surrounds the tank. Insulation typically fills thespace between the outer casing 22 and the tank 12. In the presentembodiment, a primary or standard electrical element 32 is disposedthrough an access opening (not shown) extending through the side of thetank 12. This element 32 is electrically connected to a utility powergrid source (e.g., 220 v AC source).

A cold water inlet 16 and hot water outlet 14 enter the tank 12 viaapertures in the tank. The external ends of the inlet pipe is connected(e.g., soldered) to a water supply pipe (not shown). The external end ofthe outlet pipe is connected to the plumbing that connects to hot watertaps in the house (or other structure). The tank 12 stores heated wateruntil a user opens a tap, which allows water to exit from the top of thehot water heater 10 through a hot water outlet 14. In conjunction withthe water exiting the tank 12, water is introduced into the hot waterheater via a cold water supply inlet 16.

FIG. 1A also illustrates (e.g., in phantom) components of a gas firedhot water heater. The gas fired water heater includes a burner 18disposed below the tank 12, which is controlled by a thermostat, thatignites when a temperature within the tank 12 drops below apredetermined temperature. The burner 18 may further include a standingpilot light, piezoelectric ignition system or other ignition system. Insuch a gas-fired hot water heater, an exhaust gas chimney or internalflue (not shown) would extend through the center of the tank to ventcombusted burner gases to an outside vent. The present system may beutilized with an electric, gas or hybrid (i.e., gas and electric) hotwater heater.

In the present embodiment, the supplemental heating element 110 isinserted into the water heater 10 though the outlet orifice. However, itwill be appreciated that the location and configuration of thesupplement heating element 110 may be varied as set forth in U.S. patentapplication Ser. Nos. 13/442,701; 13/442,714; 13/442,753; and 13/442,737as previously incorporated. In this regard, the supplemental heatingelement may be adapted for insertion into, a pressure relief valveopening, a drain valve opening, circulation port, an anode opening,primary electrical heater element opening and/or a combination thereof.The size and configuration of the electrical element 110 may be selectedbased on the size of the tank, power rating of the renewable energysource etc.

While the resistive load 100 illustrated in this embodiment is a heatingelement 110 that is disposed within a hot water heater 10, it will beappreciated that other resistive loads may be utilized as well. By wayof example only, other resistive loads may include heating elements(e.g., heated flooring underlayments, space heaters, ovens etc.). Whatis important is that there is a resistive load available to utilize anyexcess (or potentially all) power generated by the PV array such thatthe output of the PV array may be maximized or tailored to a particularvoltage without the use of battery banks or grid-tying.

The controller 80 is operative to monitor the operation of the PV array60 and dynamically allocate power from the PV array 60. Monitoring theoperation of the PV array may include monitoring one or morephotovoltaic sensor signals (e.g., radiation intensity signals) and/ortemperatures signals. The power output by the arrays 60 can also bemonitored/measured. In any arrangement, the controller 80 is operativeto determine the amount of power being generated by the PV array suchthat the power may be allocated to an active load(s) 92 and/or theresistive load 100. The controller 80 may also provide control signalsto the PV array 60 to maximize the power output or generate a desiredvoltage. When micro-inverters 72 are utilized to convert DC electricityto AC electricity at the solar arrays 60, the conduction of AC powerover the electrical connectors permits communication between thecontroller 80 and the solar arrays 60 via the electrical conductors 64,66. That is, the system may utilize power line communication (PLC) tocarry data on conductor 64, 66 that is simultaneously utilized for ACelectric power delivery to the controller 80. In this regard, thereference signal may be supplied to the micro-inverters 72 via one ofthe conductors 64 or 66. However, this is not a requirement.

The controller 80 in the present embodiment further includes aprocessing unit 86 that includes a processor 88, memory 90 and one ormore input/output interfaces. The processor 86 performs various controloperations (e.g., control logic) stored within volatile and/ornon-volatile memory. Other components of the controller 80 are withinthe skill of the art and are within the scope of the present invention.For example, controller 80 may also include an analog-to-digitalconverter for converting the signal proportional to the incidentradiation provided by a sensor or PV panel to a digital value and amicroprocessor or similar device for controlling one or switches toselectively apply power to one or more active loads and/or resistiveelements. In this regard, the controller may generate active loadcontrol signals and resistive load control signals to affect operationof one or more switches to connect and disconnect the active loads andresistive load(s). The controller also includes a display 94 and a userinput device 96.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the controller 80 also includes an electronicswitching circuit 82. The electronic switching circuit 82 may includevarious switches (e.g., solid state switches, etc.) that allow forselectively completing or opening and closing circuits between the PVarrays 60 the active load(s) 92 and/or the resistive load 100. As shown,the switching circuit 82 receives power from the PV arrays 60 andselectively allocates that power to the active load 92 and/or resistiveload 100 at the control of the processor. In this regard, a first output54 is interconnected to the resistive load 100, which in the presentembodiment is the supplemental heating element 110 disposed within thehot water heater 10. Additional outputs 56 a-n may be interconnected toone or more active application loads 92. For instance, such active loadsmay include, without limitation, lighting that is utilized duringworking (e.g., daylight) hours, blowers associated with heating systems(e.g., natural gas), refrigeration/freezing systems, heating or airconditioning devices, etc. In such an arrangement, the controller isoperative to assess the power needs of the active loads such that powermay be dynamically distributed between the active loads 92 and theresistive load 100 to maximize the power output of the PV array 60and/or maintain a desired output voltage.

In one arrangement, each of the outputs 56 a-n includes a load indicator58 for use determining the current load requirements of the activeloads. In one specific embodiment, the load indicator 58 is formed of ashunt resistor sized for the intended active load that provides anoutput which indicates when the circuit is operating at full capacity.The active loads may be serially activated until insufficient power isavailable to operate the active circuits at full capacity. Accordingly,the circuits for which full power is available may be activated, andactive loads for which insufficient power is available may remaininactive and any remaining power may be allocated to the resistive load,which may further include a variable resistor 52 (e.g., rheostat,potentiometer etc.) to maintain a balance between the active loads andthe resistive load and/or to adjust the resistance provided by theresistive load to generate a desired voltage, which may be selected by auser.

Alternatively, all power may be initially applied to the resistive loadand each active load may be individually activated. The resulting powerdrop of the resistive circuit may be measured to derive the loadrequirement of each active load. In any arrangement, once the loadrequirements of the active loads are determined, the active loads may beconnected to the electrical power from the PV array. Likewise, ifinsufficient power is available for all active loads, the active loadsmay be powered in order of importance, which may be dictated by thesystem owner. Further, the controller 80 may include a standard output56 c (e.g., 12v DC, 24v DC, 110v AC or 220vAC outlet) that allows forplugging an electrical device into the controller 80. In this regard, ifutility power is not available, a system owner may plug an electricaldevice directly into the micro-grid of the PV system to power thatdevice.

In any arrangement, the processor 88 can execute software or otherexecutable code/logic stored in the memory 90. The software/logic storedwithin the volatile memory may also allow the processor to monitor powerproduced by the PV array 60 and dynamically allocate this power betweenthe active application loads and/or the resistive load. Further, suchsoftware/logic may allow a user to select where and/or with whatpriority the electricity is allocated.

The controller 80 may be provided with originally installed systems.However, it will be further appreciated that the controller may beincorporated into existing PV systems as well. For instance, an existingDC grid-tied system could be retrofit with the controller 80 to allow auser to selectively determine where generated power is applied. In suchan application, the controller may be retrofit between the PVmodules/array of the existing system and the grid-tie inverter of thesystem. At least one resistive load would be attached to the controllerand one or more active loads may also be attached to the controller. Insuch an arrangement, a relay switch (e.g., manual or automated) may bedisposed between the controller and the grid-tie inverter to allowdisconnecting the PV array and controller from the grid in the event ofa grid power failure. In a further arrangement, the controller mayincorporate an inverter to provide AC power for output to one or moreactive loads.

A process 300 that may be implemented by the controller is illustratedin FIG. 4. Initially, the controller 80 is operative to identify 302 thecurrent power capacity of the PV array attached to the controller. Inaddition to identifying the current power capacity the PV array, thecontroller 80 is also operative to determine current load requirements304 of one or more active electrical loads attached to the controller80. Based on the available power capacity and current load requirements,the controller is operative to determine which of the active loads canbe powered and then selectively apply power 306 from the PV array tofully power one or more of the active loads. The controller 80 isfurther operative to allocate 308 any excess power above the loadrequirements of the active loads to the resistive load in order tobalance the total electric load with the current PV array capacityand/or to maintain a desired voltage output of the PV array. Again, thisallows for powering one or more active electrical loads while utilizingthe full capacity of the PV array for the benefit of the PV systemowner.

FIG. 1B illustrates the PV system 20 of FIG. 1A as incorporated into aresidential structure 190. This application could likewise beincorporated into a barracks, commercial warehouse, or apartment complexwith multiple points of use. Accordingly, FIG. 1B is presented by way ofexample and is not meant to be limiting. In the illustrated embodiment,the controller is interconnected to the resistive load defined by thehot water heater 10. In addition, the controller is interconnected totwo active loads 92 a, 92 b. In this embodiment, the active loads 92 a,92 b are point source water tanks disposed within a vanity in a bathroom192 and a kitchen 194. In this embodiment, each of the active loads isformed of a resistive element that is disposed within a tank 95 a, 95 b.Each of these tanks is connected to a tap in a sink of their respectiveroom. Accordingly, when the tap is opened, hot water is provided fromthe respective tank 95. In such an arrangement, the controller 80 may beoperative to monitor the temperature of each tank 95 a, 95 b anddynamically apply electrical power to the resistive element as needed inorder to maintain a point source supply of hot water. Such a system mayreduce the overall use of hot water from the hot water heater 10. Thatis, if hot water is available at the point of use, there may be no needto run hot water from the hot water heater 10 to the point of use. Insuch an arrangement, especially if the point source tanks 95 a, 95 bhave a supplemental heating element (e.g., 110v AC), such point sourcelocations may not need to any hot water connection to the primary waterheater 10. Utilizing the system in this arrangement could allow theowner or user to optimize efficiency in terms of minimizing consumptionand decreased cost of maintaining centralized hot water “on demand”.Further, it will be appreciated that such a system could be implementedwith tanks having grid-tied elements.

Referring again to FIG. 1A, it is further noted that the controller mayalso be connected to a communications interface that may be representedby a variety of different devices. In this regard, the controller may beinterconnected to a data network via, for example, Ethernet, RS485, SDcard, a USB connection and/or a telephonic connection (e.g., cellular orlandline.) In this regard, the controller may be interconnected toexternal systems that may interact with and/or provide further controlinputs to the controller 80.

The communications ability of the controller 80 allows in someembodiments for the system to utilize smart grid information. The term“smart-grid” generally refers to a utility power grid that allowscommunication between the utility power grid and the end user'selectrical devices (load/demand). The communication between supply anddemand enables the efficient, “smart” use of electricity. The smart-gridgenerally allows utilities to gather real-time information about loaddemands, upsets, outages, and net metered (customer owned) generation.In some arrangements, such smart grid functionality also allows autility power provider to control operation of one or more customerdevices. More importantly in the present application, data connectionwith a smart grid, or other data communication with a utility, allowsthe PV system to have-real time information about the immediateavailability of power and its cost, as well as what the availability andcost will be in the very near future. Similarly, the controller maycommunicate with other utilities to determine the cost of other powersources. Such information may allow the controller to dynamically applythe power from the PV array(s) 60 to loads (e.g., active applicationload(s) and/or resistive loads) to enhance the economic benefit of thesystem 20 for its owner.

In this embodiment, the PV system 20 may obtain information from autility source relating to the current cost of the utility providedpower. Likewise, the system may obtain information (e.g., input from thesystem user, obtained on-line etc.) relating to the cost of, forexample, fossil fuel sources (e.g., heating oil, natural gas). Thisinformation may be utilized in conjunction with information relating tothe available capacity of the PV array, the load requirements of one ormore active applications and/or the heating requirements of a resistiveload. Based on this information, the PV system may be operative toselectively apply PV power to enhance the benefit to the PV systemowner.

For instance, referring again to FIG. 1A, the PV system 10 is operativeto heat water within a hot water heater 10. In this regard, it has beendetermined that approximately 30% of the power consumption of an averagehousehold is directed to heating water. Due to the high percentage ofoverall power consumption of heating water, the most economicallybeneficial use of the PV power in many instances is to heat the water inthe hot water heater to prevent the system owner from purchasing power(e.g., electrical power or natural gas/propane) for heating water.However, this determination may vary based on the varying price ofelectrical power. That is, in some utility power grids, the price ofelectricity varies throughout the day based on overall grid demands.Energy generated at peak demand times may be valued higher than thatgenerated at off-peak demand times. This is also known as “time of usetariff,” or TOU. The TOU rates are scaled so that electricity atoff-peak times is charged at a discount, and electricity at peak timesis charged at a premium. In the Southwestern United States, peak demandusually occurs approximately two to four hours after the peak sunshineperiod of the day (i.e. approximately 3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.). Energyconsumed at the peak will cost the consumer more. Accordingly, theability of the controller 80 to obtain such information allows foraltering the allocation of the PV power from the array.

During peak-times when electrical power costs are high, it may be moreeconomically beneficial for the controller to allow a gas hot waterheater to utilize a fossil fuel source to heat water and utilize allavailable PV power to operate other electrical loads. Likewise, atoff-peak times when electrical power costs are low, it may be moreeconomically beneficial to direct all available PV power to heat waterin the hot water heater and purchase electrical power to handle otherneeds. In such an arrangement, the controller 80 may also beinterconnected to the gas heating element 18 of the hot water heater (orelectric element 34 in the case of an electric hot water heater), whichis interconnected to a utility or fossil fuel power source. In thisarrangement, the controller 80 implements logic that allows forcontrolling both the supplementary heating element 110 and the standardheating element 18 of the hot water heater 10.

In addition to being connected to the active application load(s) andresistive load(s), the controller 80 may, in another embodiment beoperatively interconnected to the power utility grid. In such anarrangement, the system 20 includes a grid-tie inverter (e.g., in thecontroller 80 and/or grid-tie micro-inverted mounted on the panelsindividually or otherwise) such that the generated power may be divertedinto the power utility grid. As will be appreciated, return of suchenergy to the grid may allow the system owner to sell or ‘net-meter’power back to the utility.

In such an embodiment, the PV system can, based on economicconsiderations, input energy back into the utility power grid. In suchan arrangement, the micro-inverters 72 will include anti-islandingfunctionality and the controller may provide a grid reference signal tothe micro-inverters 72. In this embodiment, the PV system has thefurther ability to sell power back to the grid (e.g., net-meter) ifbeneficial to the PV system owner. Specifically, this embodimentbalances the benefit of using PV power to operate a resistive load togenerate heat (e.g. hot water, space heating etc) relative to selling(e.g., net metering) the PV power to the utility power grid.

A process 400 for determining the benefit of using PV power forresistive heating applications relative to selling the PV power to autility power grid is set forth in FIG. 5. Initially, the processincludes identifying 402 the current PV power capacity of PV arrayconnected to a controller. The process further includes determining 404the current load requirements of one or more resistive loadapplications. By way of example where the resistive load applicationincludes heating water in a hot water heater, this determination mayinclude identifying the current temperature of the water with the hotwater heater and/or identifying expected usage times for the hot waterheater. In the latter regard, the user may input information into thecontroller regarding usage times and/or the controller may incorporatelogic that allows for determining such usage times. In any arrangement,a determination 406 may be made as to the availability of the resistiveapplication load to currently utilize the PV power. If the resistiveapplication load cannot utilize the PV power, the controller directs thePV power into the grid to sell the power 408. If the resistive loadapplication can utilize the PV power, a determination 410 is made as tothe cost of utility power (e.g., electricity, natural gas) or fossilfuel (e.g., propane, fuel oil) and the cost to operate the resistiveload using the utility power or fossil fuel. If it is more costeffective to utilize the utility power/fossil fuel to operate theresistive load application or more beneficial to entirely disable theresistive load (e.g., utility powered electrical element of a hot waterheater), then the PV power is allocated 412 to the utility grid. If itis more cost effective to use the PV power to operate the resistiveload, the PV power is allocated 412 to the resistive load. In the latterregard, the controller may be operative to deactivate the utilitypower/fossil fuel from the resistive load. For instance, in the case ofa natural gas/propane burner in a hot water heater, the burner may bedeactivated while the PV power is utilized to provide heat to anelectric element within the hot water heater.

Though discussed above in relation to performing dynamic allocation ofelectrical power between active loads and a resistive load, aspects ofthe presented systems also allow for the generation of very simplifiedand inexpensive PV systems that may operate entirely autonomously fromgrid power and without battery banks or other power storage elements.FIG. 6, illustrates such a system. As shown, the system 120 includes aPV array 60 formed of one or more PV panels. A positive output of the PVarray 60 is interconnected to the controller 80 via a first conductor64. One or more breakers 124 may be disposed in-line between the PVarray 60 and the controller 80. The first conductor 64 is connected toan input 126 of a relay switch 130 operated by the controller 80. Anoutput 128 of the relay switch 130 is interconnected to an outputconductor 68 which is interconnected to an input 142 of a resistiveheating element 140. An output 144 of the heating element 140 isinterconnected to a negative input of the PV array 60 via a secondconductor 66. Accordingly, when the relay switch 130 connects the firstconnector 64 with the output conductor 68, a circuit is completedthrough the heating element 140, which generates thermal energy inresponse to the applied electrical power from the PV array 60.

The system 120 powers the controller utilizing electrical power producedby the PV panel 60. More specifically, the system may power thecontroller 80 entirely free of any power storage devices (e.g.,batteries, capacitors etc.). In order to power the controller 80 withoutthe use of power sources other than the PV array 60, the systemincorporates a control loop circuit 150 which is powered by the PV panel60. The control loop circuit 150 has an input conductor 152interconnected to the first connector 64, which supplies power from thePV array 60 to the relay switch 130. An output conductor 164 of thecontrol loop 150 is connected to the second conductor 66 of the PV panelto complete a circuit through the control loop circuit 150. A thermostat170 is disposed within the control loop circuit 150 that is operative toopen and close the control loop circuit and thereby power and deactivatethe control loop circuit. The thermostat 170 in the present embedmentincludes a bi-metallic switch that opens when the temperature of theheating element or a medium which the heating element heats is above anadjustable value (e.g., threshold temperature). In this regard, when thetemperature of the element/medium tank drops below the thresholdtemperature, the switch closes and allows voltage to flow through thecontrol loop 150. Likewise, when the temperature in of theelement/medium increases above the threshold temperature, the switchopens and deactivates the control loop 150.

Disposed in-line within the control loop 150 between the input conductor152 and the output conductor 164 is a voltage regulation circuit. Thevoltage regulation circuit in the present embodiment is formed of aresistor 156 and zener diode 158 that are sized to limit the current andvoltage passing through the input conductor 152. Further, a fuse 154 maybe disposed in the control loop circuit 150. This circuit enables afixed stable voltage to be taken from the generally varying voltageprovided by the PV panel which will fluctuate depending on current solarintensity. An input and output 160, 162 interconnect the controller 80to the control loop 150. In conjunction with the voltage regulationcircuit, this allows for powering the controller with regulatedelectrical power within acceptable operating conditions for thecontroller 80.

When the control loop 150 is energized (i.e., the thermostat is closedand the PV array is generating electrical power) the controller 80 ispowered and operates to close the relay switch 130 and thereby connectthe heating element 140 to the PV array. In one arrangement, suchconnection entails energizing an electromagnet that closes the relayswitch while the controller 80 is energized. In this arrangement, whenthe control loop 150 loses power (e.g., the thermostat opens), theelectromagnet loses power and automatically disconnects the heatingelement 140 form the PV array 60. Further, this results in an opencircuit for PV array 60. That is, while the thermostat 170 is open, thePV array is deactivated. While in its simplest form, the controller mayentail a simple electromagnet, it will be further appreciated that thecontrol loop architecture described in relation to FIG. 5 may beincorporated into more complex controller systems. For instance, thesystem 20 of FIG. 1A may likewise incorporate the control looparchitecture such that is may operate free of power sources other thanthe PV array.

To further simplify the system 120, in one embodiment, the PV array 60generates DC power and is wired in a manner that maintains the outputvoltage of the array below 80 volts. As will be appreciated, DC PVsystems that are in excess of 80 volts are subject to arc faultprotection standards. Conversely, systems below the 80 volt thresholdare not considered at risk for arc fault. Accordingly, by wiring the PVpanels in a manner that maintains maximum voltages below 80 volts, thesystem is not at risk of arc fault and is yet further simplified.

As will be appreciated, the present system 120 allows for theapplication of PV power to a heating element with a very simplifiedcontrol system that operates entirely autonomously. Such a system 120has numerous practical applications. For instance, such a system mayallow for heating water where the heating element 140 is disposed withinor provides thermal energy to a tank. Such water heating could be forhot water heating or for ice removal (e.g., for maintaining stock tanksfree of ice in remote locations). Other applications include the use ofthe heating element for cooking. In this regard, the heating element mayform a burner or oven element that allows for generating enough thermalenergy to cook with in remote locations.

In a further arrangement, the system of FIG. 6 may be modified to allowfor the generation of a constant voltage output. As shown in FIG. 7, thecontroller 80 is again power by a control loop 150 circuit that receivespower from a PV array 60. The controller is operative to apply powerfrom the PV array which to a resistive heating element 140, which isdisposable within a media (e.g., water) to be heated. In addition, thisembodiment includes an active load circuit 92 (e.g., outlet) that allowsa user to power and electrical device. In order to provide a desiredoutput voltage to the active load circuit, a variable resistor 52 (e.g.,rheostat) is disposed in series with the heating element 140, which isutilized as a sink in the present embodiment. During use, a user mayadjust the variable resistor to alter the resistive load of the PV arrayand thereby select an output voltage for the active load circuit. In onearrangement, a display 94 is provided that allows a user to see theoutput voltage of the active circuit. It will be appreciated that whenan electrical device is connected to the active circuit 92, theresistive load of the PV panel may change this requiring furtheradjustment of the variable resistor 52. Such adjustment may be manual orautomated, for example, based on a user set voltage. Such a system hasapplication for use in remote locations where it is desirable tomaintain a constant output voltage for operating one or more electricaldevices.

While numerous applications exist for the systems discussed above, oneparticular application is directed heating of hot water where the wateris heated by both an autonomous PV system and a utility power source.One exemplary system is illustrated in FIG. 8 where a novel water tankdesign allows for co-application of autonomous PV power and utility gridpower. In this embodiment, a hot water heater 10 is provided that may beutilized to heat water for residential and/or commercial applications.As shown, the hot water heater 10 is an electrical hot water heater thatutilizes a utility powered electrical heating element 32 as one heatsource for heating water within a storage tank 12. The element 32 iscontrolled by a first thermostat 72 which activates the element 32(e.g., completes a circuit) when a temperature within the tank 12 dropsbelow a predetermined temperature. Two additional heating elements 110 aand 110 b, which are electrically connected to a PV panel/array 60 via acontroller 80, are controlled by a second thermostat 74. Further, thefirst and second PV powered heating elements 110 a, 110 b may beconnected by a relay switch 78.

As shown, the utility powered heating element 32 and the first PVpowered heating element 110 a are disposed in the upper third or upperhalf of the tank 12 at a common height. Disposition of these heatingelements 32, 110 a in the upper portion of the tank allows for heatingwater near the top of the tank, where water is drawn from the top of thetank when a tap opens. Further, placement of the utility powered element32 in the upper portion of the tank results in this element deactivatingprior to heating water in the lower portion of the tank. That is, waterstratifies within the tank and placement of the utility powered elementin the upper portion of the tank reduces the use of the utility poweredheating element 32 to heat the water in the lower portion of the tank.

To further reduce the use of the utility powered heating element, thefirst PV powered heating element 110 a typically has a higher turn offtemperature than the utility powered element 32. In this regard, thefirst PV powered element 110 a heats the water to a temperature abovethe turn off temperature of the utility powered element. Thus theutility powered element is typically not active when the PV system isgenerating power.

The relay switch 78 interconnecting the first and second PV poweredheating elements activates the lower heating element 110 b once theupper element 110 a has reached a predetermined temperature. That is,once the water in the upper portion of the tank is heated to a desiredtemperature, the upper heating element 110 a may be deactivated and thelower element 110 b may be activated to heat water in the lower portionof the tank. Once the water in the lower portion of the tank reaches apredetermined temperature, both elements 110 a and 110 b may bedeactivated. Alternatively, the upper and lower elements 110 a and 119 bmay be operated simultaneously, that is, without a relay switch. In anyarrangement, the lower heating element 110 b acts to pre-heat the waterin the tank.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of an autonomous PV systemutilized to heat water in conjunction with a utility powered hot waterheating element. In this embodiment, a preheat tank 180 is utilized toprovide heated water to a conventional hot water heater 10, which mayutilize a gas or electric element (i.e., utility powered element). Asshown, the preheat tank is plumbed between a water supply line and awater inlet of the conventional water heater 10. The pre-heat tankincludes at least one PV powered heating element 110. In the illustratedembodiment, the pre-heat tank 180 includes two PV powered heatingelements 110 a, 110 b. Again, these elements 110 a, 110 b areelectrically connected to a PV array 60 via a controller 80. In thisembodiment, the heating elements 110 a, 110 b heat water in the pre-heattank which is then introduced into the water heater (e.g., when a tap isopened). Accordingly, the conventional water heater receives water thatis significantly warmer than standard tap water thereby reducing theheating requirements of the conventional water heater 10. Further, sucha pre-heat PV system may be readily incorporated with existing hot waterheaters as a retrofit that requires no integration within the existingwater heater.

FIG. 10, illustrates a pre-heat system that may be utilized with atank-less water heater 182. Again, a preheat tank 180 is plumbed betweena water supply line and a water inlet of the tank-less water heater 182.As with the embodiment of FIG. 9, this allows for pre-heating waterprior to its introduction into the tank-less water heater. The pre-heattank includes one or more PV powered heating elements 110. The pre-heattank could also include a grid powered heating element 32, however thisis not a requirement.

FIG. 11 illustrates a PV powered preheat tank 180 integrated into a gasfired water heater. As shown, the preheat tank 180 is disposed below theprimary tank 12 of the water heater with a burner 18 disposed therebetween. As shown, water connections 184 (e.g., pipes) extend betweenthe top of the preheat tank 180 and the bottom of the primary tank 12.As with the embodiments disclosed above, one or more PV powered elements110 a, 110 b may be disposed within the preheat tank 180 and/or theprimary tank 12. Again, these PV powered elements may be operatedautonomously form the operation of the burner 18.

It will be appreciated that the above discussed systems are not limitedto any particular use. In other arrangements, a resistive load orheating element may be incorporated into a thermal storage media (e.g.,eutectic salts or other phase change materials). Such a thermal storagemedia may allow for the storage of significant thermal energy during thedaylight hours and further allow for the recovery of such energy at alater time utilizing, for example small turbines such as Organic RankineCycle (ORC) generators. In such an arrangement, supplying sufficientheat to the thermal storage media may cause it to melt so it stores asignificant amount of heat. Upon cooling the material releases itsstored heat when changing phase from a liquid back to a solid phasewhile remaining at a relatively constant temperature. This recoveredheat energy may be utilized in various arrangements to produce usableenergy (e.g., steam or other evaporated gases) that may be utilizeddirectly or utilized to operate turbines for the generation ofelectrical energy.

The foregoing description has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description. Furthermore, the description is notintended to limit the inventions and/or aspects of the inventions to theforms disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modificationscommensurate with the above teachings, and skill and knowledge of therelevant art, are within the scope of the presented inventions. Theembodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain bestmodes known of practicing the inventions and to enable others skilled inthe art to utilize the inventions in such or other embodiments and withvarious modifications required by the particular application(s) oruse(s) of the presented inventions. It is intended that the appendedclaims be construed to include alternative embodiments to the extentpermitted by the prior art.

1. A water heating system incorporating at least one heating elementconnected to a PV system and at least one heating element connected to autility power source, comprising: a water tank having a first heatingelement and a second heating element; a first power source attached tothe first heating element, including; a photovoltaic (PV) array; a firstswitch electrically connected to the PV array for receiving electricalpower from the PV array and selectively applying said electrical powerto the first heating element; a first thermostat for monitoring atemperature in the tank that is operatively connected to the switch,wherein power is applied to the first heating element from the PV arrayin response to an output of the first thermostat; a second thermostatfor monitoring a temperature in the tank that is operatively connectedto the second heating element, wherein the second heating element isconnectable to utility power source and said second thermostat isoperative to activate and deactivate the second heating element.